General Information
Brand Name:
ABBOKINASE®
Manufacturer:
Abbott
Scientific Name:
Urokinase
Application:
Fibrinolytic
Pharmacology
Urokinase acts on the endogenous fibrinolytic system. It converts plasminogen to the enzyme plasmin. Plasmin degrades fibrin clots as well as fibrinogen. I.V. infusion of urokinase in doses recommended for lysis of pulmonary embolism is followed by increased fibrinolytic activity. This effect disappears within a few hours after discontinuation, but a decrease in plasma levels of fibrinogen and plasminogen and an increase in the amount of circulating fibrinogen degradation products may persist for 12 to 24 hours. There is a lack of correlation between clot lysis and changes in coagulation and fibrinolytic assay results. Information is incomplete about the pharmacokinetic properties in man. Urokinase administered by i.v. infusion is cleared rapidly by the liver. The serum half-life in man is 20 minutes or less. Patients with impaired liver function (e.g., cirrhosis) would be expected to show a prolongation in half-life. Small fractions of an administered dose are excreted in bile and urine.
Indications
Pulmonary Embolism: Urokinase is indicated in adults for the lysis of acute massive pulmonary emboli, defined as obstruction of blood flow to a lobe or multiple segments, and for the lysis of pulmonary emboli accompanied by unstable hemodynamics, i.e., failure to maintain blood pressure without supportive measures. The diagnosis should be confirmed by objective means, such as pulmonary angiography via an upper extremity vein, or noninvasive procedures such as lung scanning. Angiographic and hemodynamic measurements demonstrate a more rapid improvement with lytic therapy than with heparin therapy. Urokinase treatment should be instituted as soon as possible after onset of pulmonary embolism, preferably no later than 7 days after onset. Any delay in instituting lytic therapy to evaluate the effect of heparin decreases the potential for optimal efficacy.
Coronary Artery Thrombosis: Urokinase has been reported to lyse acute thrombi obstructing coronary arteries, associated with evolving transmural myocardial infarction. The majority of patients who received urokinase by intracoronary infusion within 6 hours following onset of symptoms showed recanalization of the involved vessel. It has not been established that intracoronary administration of urokinase during evolving transmural myocardial infarction results in salvage of myocardial tissue, nor that it reduces mortality. The patients who might benefit from this therapy cannot be defined. When urokinase is used for the treatment of coronary artery thrombosis associated with evolving transmural myocardial infarction, therapy should be instituted within 6 hours of symptom onset.
Peripheral Arterial and Graft Thromboembolic Occlusion: Urokinase has been shown to be effective in lysing occlusive thromboemboli in peripheral arteries and grafts, resulting in revascularization of the ischemic limb. The use of urokinase to lyse arterial emboli originating from the left side of the heart (e.g., in mitral stenosis accompanied by atrial fibrillation) should be avoided due to the danger of new embolic phenomena, including those to cerebral vessels (see Warnings). When urokinase is used for the treatment of peripheral arterial thromboembolic occlusion, therapy should be instituted as soon as possible after the diagnosis has been established. I.V. Catheter Clearance: Urokinase is indicated for the restoration of patency to i.v. catheters, including central venous catheters, obstructed by clotted blood or fibrin. A product called Abbokinase Open-Cath is also available for this purpose in Dil-U-Vial containing 5 000 IU/vial.
Contraindications
Because thrombolytic therapy increases the risk of bleeding, urokinase is contraindicated in the following situations (see Warnings):
active internal bleeding, history of cerebrovascular accident, recent (within 2 months) intracranial or intraspinal surgery, recent trauma including cardiopulmonary resuscitation, intracranial neoplasm, arteriovenous malformation or aneurysm, known bleeding diathesis, severe uncontrolled arterial hypertension, aortic dissection. The drug is also contraindicated in patients with a history of hypersensitivity to urokinase. Urokinase alone or in combination with anticoagulants may cause bleeding complications. Therefore careful monitoring is advised. Rapid lysis of coronary thrombi, resulting in reperfusion, has been reported occasionally to cause atrial or ventricular dysrhythmias requiring immediate treatment. Thrombolytic revascularization should not be attempted in any patient whose ischemia has been of sufficient severity and/or duration to cause both motor and sensory paresis.
Warnings
Bleeding: The aim of urokinase treatment is the production of sufficient amounts of plasmin for lysis of intravascular deposits of fibrin; however, fibrin deposits which provide hemostatis, for example, at sites of needle puncture, will also lyse, and bleeding from such sites may occur. Therefore, urokinase therapy requires careful attention to an increased frequency of bleeding complications in patients with predisposing hemostatic defects, to potential bleeding sites e.g., catheter entry sites, arterial puncture sites, and prosthetic Dacron and Gore-Tex grafts. I.M. injections and nonessential handling of the patient must be avoided during treatment with urokinase. Venipunctures should be performed carefully and as infrequently as possible. Should an arterial puncture be necessary (except for intracoronary administration), upper extremity vessels are preferable. Pressure should be applied for at least 30 minutes, a pressure dressing applied, and the puncture site checked frequently for evidence of bleeding. Should serious spontaneous bleeding (not controllable by local pressure) occur, the infusion of urokinase should be terminated immediately, and treatment instituted as described in the Adverse Effects.
In the following conditions, the risks of therapy may be increased and should be weighed against the anticipated benefits:
recent (within 10 days) major surgery, obstetrical delivery, organ biopsy, previous puncture of non-compressible vessels; recent (within 10 days) serious gastrointestinal bleeding; recent trauma including cardiopulmonary resuscitation; severe uncontrolled arterial hypertension; high likelihood of a left heart thrombus, e.g., mitral stenosis with atrial fibrillation; subacute bacterial endocarditis; hemostatic defects including those secondary to severe hepatic or renal disease; pregnancy; cerebrovascular disease; diabetic hemorrhagic retinopathy; any other condition in which bleeding might constitute a significant hazard or be particularly difficult to manage because of its location.
Fibrinogen levels should be kept greater than 100 mg/100 mL.
Complications in Ischemia: During treatment of peripheral arterial and graft thromboembolic occlusion in patients who have had prolonged and/or severe ischemia, systemic complications including adult respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS) and acute tubular necrosis (ATN) have occurred following revascularization. Hypotension, hyperkalemia, lactic acidosis, ATN, congestive heart failure/ARDS, disseminated intravascular coagulation and death have been reported following the use of urokinase to revascularize a nonviable limb. Distal embolization of the lysing clot with an associated increase in ischemic severity has been reported during intra-arterial treatment of peripheral arterial and graft thromboembolic occlusions. This condition usually responds to continued urokinase infusion at the site of the distally migrated clot (see Dosage).
Use of Anticoagulants: Concurrent use of anticoagulants with i.v. administration of urokinase is not recommended. However, concurrent use of heparin should be used during intracoronary or intra-arterial administration of urokinase. Clinical studies with concurrent use of heparin and urokinase during intracoronary and intra-arterial administration have demonstrated no tendency toward increased bleeding that would not be attributable to the procedure or urokinase alone. Nevertheless, careful monitoring for excessive bleeding is advised.
Arrhythmias: Coronary thrombolysis may result in arrhythmias associated with reperfusion. These arrhythmias (such as bradycardia, accelerated idioventricular rhythm, ventricular premature depolarization, ventricular tachycardia) are not different from those often seen in the ordinary course of acute myocardial infarction and may be managed with standard antiarrhythmic measures. It is recommended that antiarrhythmic therapy for bradycardia and/or ventricular irritability be available in patients who receive urokinase.
Cholesterol Embolization Syndrome: Cholesterol embolization has been reported in the literature following the i.v. administration of thrombolytic agents.
Catheter Clearance: Excessive pressure should be avoided when urokinase is injected into the catheter. Such force could cause rupture of the catheter or expulsion of the clot into the circulation. During attempts to determine catheter occlusion, vigorous suction should not be applied due to possible damage to the vascular wall or collapse of soft-wall catheters. Catheters may be occluded by substances other than fibrin clots, such as drug precipitates. Urokinase is not effective in such cases and there is the possibility that the substances may be forced into the vascular system.
Precautions
Urokinase should be used in hospitals where the recommended diagnosis and monitoring techniques are available. Thrombolytic therapy should be considered in all situations where the benefits to be achieved outweigh the risk of potentially serious hemorrhage. When internal bleeding does occur, it may be more difficult to manage than that which occurs with conventional anticoagulant therapy.
Pregnancy: Reproduction studies have been performed in mice and rats at doses up to 1 000 times the human dose and have revealed no evidence of impaired fertility or harm to the fetus due to urokinase. There are, however, no adequate and well-controlled studies in pregnant women. Because animal reproduction studies are not always predictive of human response, this drug should be used during pregnancy only if clearly needed.
Lactation: It is not known whether this drug is excreted in human milk. Because many drugs are excreted in human milk, caution should be exercised when urokinase is administered to a nursing woman.
Children: Safety and effectiveness in children have not been established.
Drug Interactions: The interaction of urokinase with other drugs has not been studied. Drugs that alter platelet function should not be used.
Common examples are:
ASA, indomethacin and phenylbutazone. Although a bolus dose of heparin is recommended in conjunction with intracoronary or intra-arterial use of urokinase, oral anticoagulants or heparin should not be given concurrently with large doses of urokinase such as those used for pulmonary embolism. Concomitant use of i.v. urokinase and oral anticoagulants or heparin may increase the risk of hemorrhage (see Warnings).
Laboratory Tests: Before commencing thrombolytic therapy, obtain a hematocrit, platelet count, and a thrombin time (TT), activated partial thromboplastin time (APTT), or prothrombin time (PT). If heparin has been given, it should be discontinued during the i.v. administration of urokinase for pulmonary embolism. Heparin should be used in conjunction with urokinase for intracoronary or intra-arterial administration. During the infusion, coagulation tests and/or measures of fibrinolytic activity may be performed if desired. Results do not, however, reliably predict either efficacy or a risk of bleeding. The clinical response should be observed frequently, and vital signs, i.e., pulse, temperature, respiratory rate and blood pressure should be checked at least every 4 hours. The blood pressure should not be taken in the lower extremities to avoid dislodgment of possible deep vein thrombi. Following the i.v. infusion of urokinase for pulmonary embolism, before reinstituting heparin, the TT or APTT should be less than twice the normal control value. Following intracoronary infusion of urokinase, blood coagulation parameters should be determined and heparin therapy continued as appropriate. Following intra-arterial infusion of urokinase, the administration of heparin is discontinued. The infusion catheter is removed 1 hour after cessation of heparin and urokinase infusion. Protamine sulfate (30 mg i.v.) is usually given a few minutes before the removal of the catheter.
Adverse Effects
The following adverse reactions have been associated with i.v. therapy but may also occur with intra-arterial infusion.
Bleeding: The type of bleeding associated with thrombolytic therapy can be placed into two broad categories:
a) superficial or surface bleeding, observed mainly at invaded or disturbed sites (e.g., venous cutdowns, arterial punctures, sites of recent surgical intervention, etc.), and b) internal bleeding, involving e.g., the gastrointestinal tract, genitourinary tract, vagina, or i.m., retroperitoneal, or intracerebral sites. Bleeding through Gore-Tex grafts has been reported. Several fatalities due to intracranial or retroperitoneal hemorrhage have occurred during thrombolytic therapy. Should serious bleeding occur, urokinase infusion should be discontinued, and if necessary, blood loss and reversal of the bleeding tendency can be effectively managed with whole blood (fresh blood preferable), packed red blood cells and cryoprecipitate or fresh frozen plasma. Dextran should not be used. Although the use of aminocaproic acid (ACA, Amicar) in humans as an antidote for urokinase has not been documented, it may be considered in an emergency situation.
Allergic Reactions: In vitro tests with urokinase, as well as intradermal tests in humans, gave no evidence of induced antibody formation. Relatively mild allergic type reactions, e.g., bronchospasm and skin rash, have been reported rarely. When such reactions occur, they usually respond to conventional therapy. In addition, rare cases of anaphylaxis have been reported.
Miscellaneous: Fever and chills, including shaking chills (rigors), nausea and/or vomiting, transient hypotension or hypertension, dyspnea, tachycardia, cyanosis, back pain, hypoxemia, and acidosis have been reported together and separately. Rare cases of myocardial infarction have also been reported. A cause and effect relationship has not been estblished. Febrile episodes have occurred in approximately 2 to 3% of treated patients. Symptomatic treatment of fever with acetaminophen is usually sufficient to alleviate discomfort. The use of acetaminophen rather than ASA is recommended.
Overdose
Symptoms and Treatment:
Therapy should be discontinued if there is bleeding and fresh whole blood or fresh-frozen plasma should be administered; if these fail to control bleeding, the use of aminocaproic acid (ACA) is suggested although there is no documented evidence for this use in humans. Mild external bleeding is usually controlled by the application of local pressure. Local reaction involving development of a compartment syndrome and systemic effects including ARDS, ATN, DIC, lactic acidosis, hyperkalemia and hypotension have been observed as revascularization complications.
Pulmonary Embolism: Heparin should be discontinued during the i.v. administration of urokinase for pulmonary embolism. Reconstituted urokinase (see Reconstituted Solutions) should be diluted with either 0.9% Sodium Chloride Injection USP or 5% Dextrose Injection USP prior to i.v. infusion (see Parenteral Products, Dilution Before Use and Table I). Administer urokinase by means of a constant infusion pump that is capable of delivering a total volume of 195 mL. A priming dose of 4 400 IU/kg of urokinase is given as urokinase 0.9% Sodium Chloride Injection or 5% Dextrose Injection admixture at a rate of 90 mL/hour over a period of 10 minutes. This is followed by a continuous infusion of 4 400 IU/kg/hour of urokinase at a rate of 15 mL/hour for 12 hours. Since some urokinase admixture will remain in the tubing at the end of an infusion pump delivery cycle, the following flush procedure should be performed to insure that the total dose of urokinase is administered. A solution of 0.9% Sodium Chloride Injection, USP or 5% Dextrose Injection USP approximately equal in amount to the volume of the tubing in the infusion set should be administered via the pump to flush the urokinase admixture from the entire length of the infusion set. The pump should be set to administer the flush solution at the continuous infusion rate of 15 mL/hour.
Anticoagulation After Terminating Urokinase Treatment: At the end of urokinase therapy, treatment with heparin by continuous i.v. infusion is recommended to prevent recurrent thrombosis. Heparin treatment, without a loading dose, should not begin until the thrombin time has decreased to less than twice the normal control value (approximately 3 to 4 hours after completion of the infusion). See manufacturer’s prescribing information for proper use of heparin. This should then be followed by oral anticoagulants in the conventional manner.
Lysis of Coronary Artery Thrombi:
Intracoronary administration: Reconstituted urokinase (see Reconstituted Solutions) should be diluted with 5% Dextrose Injection USP to give a concentration of approximately 1 500 IU/mL prior to intracoronary administration (see Parenteral Products, Dilution Before Use for Lysis of Coronary Artery Thrombi). No other medication should be added to the solution. Before the infusion of urokinase, a bolus dose of heparin ranging from 2 500 to 10 000 units should be administered i.v. to maintain an increase in coagulation test parameters of 1.5 to 2 times the normal. Prior heparin administration should be considered when calculating the heparin dose for this procedure. Following the bolus dose of heparin, the prepared urokinase solution should be infused into the occluded artery at a rate of 4 mL/minute (6 000 IU/minute) for periods up to 2 hours to a maximal dose of 720 000 IU. In a clinical study, the average total dose of urokinase utilized for lysis of coronary artery thrombi was 500 000 IU. To determine response to urokinase therapy, periodic angiography during the infusion is recommended. It is suggested that the angiography be repeated at approximately 15-minute intervals. Urokinase therapy should be continued until the artery is maximally opened, usually 15 to 30 minutes after the initial opening. Following the infusion, coagulation parameters should be determined. It is advisable to continue heparin therapy after the artery is opened by urokinase. When urokinase was administered selectively into thrombosed coronary arteries via coronary catheter within 6 hours following onset of symptoms of acute transmural myocardial infarction, 60% of the occlusions were opened. Thrombolytic therapy may be used in conjunction with other therapeutic modalities (anticoagulation, surgery or percutaneous transluminal angioplasty).
Peripheral Arterial and Graft Thromboembolic Occlusion: Reconstituted urokinase (see Reconstituted Solutions) should be diluted with 0.9% Sodium Chloride Injection USP to give a concentration of approximately 2 500 IU/mL prior to administration (see Parenteral Products, Dilution Before Use; Peripheral Arterial and Graft Thromboembolic Occlusion). Mechanical disruption of the clot with guide-wire or catheter seems to improve the fibinolytic process. The ability of the guide-wire to penetrate the clot appears to be one of the best predictors of probable success. Advance a catheter to the site of occlusion. Infuse urokinase directly onto the clot at a rate ranging from 60 000 IU/hour to 240 000 IU/hour, with the higher doses used initially until antegrade blood flow is reestablished and/or in the presence of significant ischemia or when the catheter cannot be placed in contact with the clot. In a clinical study antegrade blood flow was reestablished in 73% of the patients at a rate of 4 000 IU/min for a mean infusion time of 3.3 hours. I.V. heparin therapy should be administered concurrently to maintain an increase in coagulation test parameters of 3 to 4 times the normal values around the infusion catheter until reestablishment of antegrade blood flow. During the infusion, monitor thrombolytic progress by arteriography minimally every 500 000 IU increments (2 hours at an initial rate of 4 000 IU/min or 8 hours at a rate of 1 000 IU/min). Create a thin channel with the guide-wire in the remaining distal clot and advance the catheter tip into the clot as lysis progresses. Following reestablishment of antegrade blood flow, reposition the catheter tip just proximal to the remaining clot and continue the infusion until all the remaining clot has been lysed or until no further progress can be documented between arteriograms (<10% reduction in clot length after a 500 000 IU increment). Complete thrombus lysis was achieved in 83% (70/84) of the completed urokinase infusions with a mean infusion time of 18±15 hours. In 83% of the patients who completed infusion, complete clot lysis was observed with a mean infusion time of 18 hours. Following reestablishment of antegrade blood flow using high doses of urokinase, the dose may be reduced to 1 000 IU/min to lyse all of the remaining clot. In the event of distal migration of the lysing clot, advance the catheter either into the migrated clot or the vessel it is occluding and continue the urokinase infusion at high doses until complete clot lysis has occurred. A low incidence (1%) of rethrombosis, after thrombolytic therapy, was observed in patients who received concomitant heparin (to maintain the PTT at 3 to 4 times normal) and percutaneous transluminal angioplasty (PTA) immediately after complete clot lysis (residual stenoses ³50%). Surgery may be necessary in patients who do not respond to PTA. I.V.
Catheter Clearance: Reconstitute urokinase (see Reconstituted Solutions) and add 1 mL of the reconstituted drug to 9 mL Sterile Water for Injection USP to make a final dilution equivalent to 5 000 IU/mL. One mL of this preparation is to be utilized for each catheter clearing procedure. When the following procedure is used to clear a central venous catheter, the patient should be instructed to exhale and hold his breath any time the catheter is not connected to i.v. tubing or a syringe. This is to prevent air from entering the open catheter. Aseptically disconnect the i.v. tubing connection at the catheter hub and attach a 10 mL syringe. Determine occlusion of the catheter by gently attempting to aspirate blood from the catheter with the 10 mL syringe. If aspiration is not possible, remove the 10 mL syringe and attach a 1 mL tuberculin syringe filled with prepared urokinase to the catheter. Slowly and gently inject an amount of urokinase equal to the volume of the catheter. Aseptically remove the tuberculin syringe and connect an empty syringe (e.g., 5 mL) to the catheter. Wait at least 5 minutes before attempting to aspirate the drug and residual clot with the empty syringe. Repeat aspiration attempts every 5 minutes. If the catheter is not open within 30 minutes, the catheter may be capped allowing urokinase to remain in the catheter for 30 to 60 minutes before again attempting to aspirate. A second injection of urokinase may be necessary in resistant cases. When patency is restored, aspirate 4 to 5 mL of blood to assure removal of all drug and clot residual. Remove the blood-filled syringe and replace it with a 10 mL syringe filled with 0.9% Sodium Chloride Injection USP. The catheter should then be gently irrigated with this solution to assure patency of the catheter. After the catheter has been irrigated, remove the 10 mL syringe and aseptically reconnect sterile i.v. tubing to the catheter hub.
Reconstituted Solutions: Reconstitute Abbokinase vials by aseptically adding 5 mL of Sterile Water for Injection USP to each vial of 250 000 IU. After reconstitution each mL contains 50 000 IU. Abbokinase should be reconstituted only with Sterile Water for Injection USP without preservatives. Bacteriostatic Water for Injection should not be used. The solution may be terminally filtered, e.g., through a 0.45 micron or smaller cellulose membrane filter. No other medication should be added to this solution. Because Abbokinase contains no preservative, it should not be reconstituted until immediately before using. Any unused portion of the reconstituted material should be discarded. To minimize formation of filaments, avoid shaking the vial during reconstitution. Roll and tilt the vial to enhance reconstitution. Each vial should be visually inspected for discoloration (practically colorless solution) and for the presence of particulate material. Highly colored solution should not be used.
Parenteral Products, Dilution Before Use: Reconstituted urokinase should be diluted with either 0.9% Sodium Chloride Injection USP or 5% Dextrose Injection USP prior to infusion (see dilution for use for each indication). No other medication should be added to this solution. The solution may be terminally filtered, e.g., through a 0.45 micron or smaller cellulose membrane filter. The admixture should be administered immediately as described earlier.
Note: Adsorption of drug from dilute protein solutions to various materials has been reported in the literature. Therefore, the directions for Preparation and Administration must be followed to assure that significant drug loss does not occur. Because Abbokinase contains no preservatives, it should not be prepared until immediately before using. Any solution remaining after administration should be discarded.
Pulmonary Embolism: Reconstitute the appropriate number of vials for the weight of the patient and add contents of the reconstituted urokinase vials to 0.9% Sodium Chloride Injection USP, or 5% Dextrose Injection USP.
Lysis of Coronary Artery Thrombi:
Intracoronary infusion: Add the contents of 3 reconstituted Abbokinase vials to 500 mL of 5% Dextrose Injection USP to give a concentration of approximately 1 500 IU/mL. No other medication should be added to this solution.
Peripheral Arterial and Graft Thromboembolic Occlusion: Add the contents of 2 reconstituted Abbokinase vials to 190 mL of 0.9% Sodium Chloride Injection USP. The resulting solution admixture will have a concentration of approximately 2 500 IU/mL (500 000 IU/200 mL).
Stability of Solutions: The admixture should be administered immediately. Any solution remaining after administration should be discarded.
Dosage
Urokinase is intended for intravascular and intracoronary infusion only after reconstitution according to the recommendations described under Reconstituted Solutions.
Supplied
Each 5 mL vial of sterile lyophilized powder contains: urokinase activity 250 000 IU, mannitol, albumin (human) and sodium chloride. Sodium hydroxide and/or hydrochloric acid have been added prior to lyophilization for pH adjustment. Store powder at 2 to 30°C.
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